Espresso-Based Drinks Explained: From Ristretto to AmericanoEspresso is the concentrated heart of many beloved coffee drinks. Understanding the differences between espresso-based beverages — from the tiny, intense ristretto to the milder Americano — helps you order smarter at cafés, brew better at home, and appreciate how small changes alter flavor, texture, and caffeine. This article explains the classic drinks, how they’re made, their typical ratios, flavor profiles, and tips for making or ordering each one.
What is espresso?
Espresso is a brewing method that forces hot water through finely ground coffee at high pressure (usually around 9 bar), producing a small, concentrated shot with a rich body and a layer of crema on top. Typical extraction yields a 25–30 second shot producing about 25–30 ml (single) or 50–60 ml (double). Variables such as dose, grind size, tamping pressure, water temperature, and extraction time all affect the result.
Key terms and measurements
- Dose — the amount of dry coffee used (commonly 18–20 g for a double).
- Yield — the amount of liquid espresso extracted.
- Brew ratio — dose:yield (for example, 1:2 means 18 g coffee → 36 g espresso).
- Crema — the golden foam on top of espresso, composed of emulsified oils and gases.
- Ristretto — “restricted” shot, less yield, more concentrated.
- Lungo — “long” shot, more yield, less concentrated.
Ristretto
Definition: A ristretto is a short, concentrated espresso shot with a smaller yield than a standard shot.
Typical ratio: about 1:1 to 1:1.5 (e.g., 18 g dose → 18–27 g yield).
Flavor profile: sweeter, more syrupy, intense body, less bitter acids; often described as more concentrated and fruity.
How to make: Use a finer grind and extract for a shorter time or stop extraction earlier. Dose similar to a standard shot but reduce yield.
When to order/make: If you prefer a very intense, sweet espresso or want a bolder flavor in milk-based drinks without increasing volume.
Normale (Standard Shot)
Definition: The classic espresso shot most cafés aim for.
Typical ratio: about 1:2 (e.g., 18 g → 36 g).
Flavor profile: balanced between sweetness, acidity, and bitterness; rich crema and full-bodied.
How to make: Standard grind and extraction time (around 25–30 seconds for many setups). Adjust to taste based on beans and machine.
When to order/make: Default choice for single-espresso-based recipes and most espresso drinking occasions.
Lungo
Definition: A lungo (“long”) is an espresso extracted to a larger yield than normal.
Typical ratio: about 1:2.5 to 1:3 (e.g., 18 g → 45–54 g).
Flavor profile: lighter, thinner body with more bitterness and extracted compounds; can be slightly more astringent.
How to make: Use a coarser grind or simply allow extraction to continue longer to reach higher yield.
When to order/make: If you want a larger cup with espresso character but don’t want to add water like an Americano.
Macchiato (Espresso Macchiato)
Definition: An espresso “stained” with a small dollop of milk or milk foam.
Typical composition: 1 shot espresso + a teaspoon or two of steamed milk/foam.
Flavor profile: Espresso-forward with a hint of milk sweetness and texture.
How to make: Pull a standard shot and add a small spoonful of microfoam or steamed milk on top.
When to order/make: If you want to soften an espresso slightly without turning it into a milky drink.
Cortado
Definition: A cortado is an espresso cut with an equal amount of warm milk to reduce acidity.
Typical composition: 1:1 ratio of espresso to steamed milk (commonly a double shot and 60–80 ml total).
Flavor profile: Smooth, balanced, milk rounds out acidity while preserving espresso character.
How to make: Pull espresso and add an equal volume of warm, lightly textured milk.
When to order/make: Ideal for those who want a milky drink that still highlights the espresso.
Cappuccino
Definition: A classic Italian drink of espresso topped with steamed milk and a thick layer of foam.
Typical composition: 1 shot espresso + equal parts steamed milk and milk foam (roughly 1:1:1 by volume).
Volume: Commonly 150–180 ml (5–6 oz) cup in many cafés.
Flavor profile: Velvety, airy texture with the espresso balanced by sweet milk and airy foam.
How to make: Pull an espresso shot, pour steamed milk, and finish with dense microfoam. Artful milk texturing creates latte art.
When to order/make: For a lighter, frothier milk-forward drink.
Flat White
Definition: Originating from Australia/New Zealand, the flat white is similar to a cappuccino but with a higher proportion of espresso and thinner microfoam.
Typical composition: Double espresso + steamed milk with thin microfoam, usually about 150–180 ml total.
Flavor profile: Stronger coffee presence than a cappuccino, creamy mouthfeel, smooth microfoam.
How to make: Use a double shot, pour steamed milk with velvety microfoam to integrate with the crema.
When to order/make: If you want a creamy milk drink where the espresso flavor remains prominent.
Latte (Caffè Latte)
Definition: A milk-forward drink with more steamed milk and light foam atop espresso.
Typical composition: 1 shot espresso + 6–8 oz steamed milk + thin foam layer (about 1:3–1:5 espresso:milk).
Flavor profile: Mild, creamy, milk-dominant with subtle espresso notes; great for flavored syrups.
How to make: Pull espresso, add a larger volume of steamed milk, finish with a small foam cap and optional latte art.
When to order/make: For a smooth, larger drink that’s gentle on espresso intensity.
Mocha (Caffè Mocha)
Definition: A chocolate-flavored latte: espresso, steamed milk, and chocolate (syrup or cocoa).
Typical composition: Espresso + chocolate + steamed milk + foam, proportions vary by recipe.
Flavor profile: Sweet and chocolatey; espresso provides balance and complexity.
How to make: Combine chocolate syrup with espresso, add steamed milk, and top with foam or whipped cream.
When to order/make: When you want a dessert-like coffee drink with chocolate.
Americano
Definition: Espresso diluted with hot water to create a larger, more filter-coffee-like cup.
Typical composition: 1–2 shots espresso + hot water (common ratios: 1:2 to 1:4 depending on taste).
Flavor profile: Cleaner, less concentrated than straight espresso; preserves crema less but retains espresso flavor notes.
How to make: Pull espresso into a cup then add hot water (or pour espresso over hot water to preserve crema).
When to order/make: If you prefer a longer, milder cup with espresso character instead of filter coffee.
Iced Espresso Drinks
- Iced Americano: espresso + cold water + ice.
- Iced Latte: espresso + cold milk + ice.
- Iced Macchiato: often layered—milk, ice, then espresso poured on top.
Tips: Use double shots for iced drinks (esp. if ice will dilute), brew over ice or shake with ice to cool quickly.
Milk, Texture, and Temperature Tips
- Microfoam quality (silky, glossy foam) changes mouthfeel—practice steaming to create tiny, uniform bubbles.
- Milk temperature: 60–65°C (140–149°F) for most drinks; avoid scalding above 70°C (158°F).
- Whole milk produces creamier texture; plant milks behave differently—oat and barista blends often foam best.
Adjusting for Bean Type and Roast
- Lighter roasts: highlight acidity and fruit notes; may benefit from slightly longer extraction or coarser grind to balance.
- Medium roasts: balanced sweetness and body; work well for many espresso drinks.
- Dark roasts: strong chocolate/roasty notes; can extract bitter flavors if over-extracted—shorter shots or ristretto work well.
Troubleshooting Common Problems
- Sour under-extracted espresso: grind finer, increase dose, or increase extraction time.
- Bitter over-extracted espresso: grind coarser, reduce time, or lower dose.
- Weak crema: use fresh beans (less than 3–4 weeks from roast), proper dose, and correct tamping.
- Milk too foamy or too flat: adjust steam wand technique and milk volume; practice wrist movement for velvety texture.
Quick Reference Chart
| Drink |
Typical Ratio / Composition |
Volume |
Flavor Focus |
| Ristretto |
1:1–1:1.5 (dose:yield) |
~15–25 ml |
Very concentrated, sweet |
| Espresso (Normale) |
1:2 |
~25–35 ml |
Balanced, full-bodied |
| Lungo |
1:2.5–1:3 |
~45–60 ml |
Thinner, more bitter |
| Macchiato |
Shot + small milk foam |
~30–40 ml |
Espresso-forward with milk note |
| Cortado |
1:1 espresso:milk |
~100–140 ml |
Smooth, balanced |
| Cappuccino |
1:1:1 (espresso:milk:foam) |
150–180 ml |
Frothy, airy |
| Flat White |
Double shot + thin microfoam |
150–180 ml |
Creamy, espresso-forward |
| Latte |
1:3–1:5 (espresso:milk) |
240–350 ml |
Milky, mild |
| Mocha |
Espresso + chocolate + milk |
240–350 ml |
Chocolatey, sweet |
| Americano |
Espresso + hot water |
200–350 ml |
Milder, filter-like |
Final tips for better espresso drinks
- Use freshly roasted beans and grind just before brewing.
- Dial in your grind and dose for the specific bean and machine.
- Keep equipment clean—espresso oils and milk residue affect taste.
- Experiment with ratios (ristretto vs. lungo) to find your preferred balance of sweetness, acidity, and bitterness.
Whether you prefer the concentrated punch of a ristretto or the approachable length of an Americano, small changes in ratio, milk, and extraction produce a wide family of drinks all built on the same espresso foundation.